Charlemagne took over the governing of Aachen in 768 AD. The
imperial palace was located by the source of warm springs and soon
became Charlemagne's permanent residence. As years went by, the
town became more and more prosperous. Charlemagne was buried
in the Cathedral of Aachen, the construction of which he had
personally overseen in 824. The town's ties with Charlemagne were
reflected in its numerous architectural heirlooms and memorials.
imperial palace was located by the source of warm springs and soon
became Charlemagne's permanent residence. As years went by, the
town became more and more prosperous. Charlemagne was buried
in the Cathedral of Aachen, the construction of which he had
personally overseen in 824. The town's ties with Charlemagne were
reflected in its numerous architectural heirlooms and memorials.
During the next four years, there were repeated large attacks on the cathedral city:
on July 14,1943 with 294 dead, on April 11,1944 with 1.525 dead, on May 25,
1944 with 198 dead and on May 28,1944 with 167 dead. On October 21,1944,
65% of all dwellings were demolished after six long weeks of American bombing,
and hundreds more civilians died. 64 smaller bomb attacks also took place on
Aachen, and its citizens took to the shelters 1,984 times during these years. By the
time Americans occupied ancient Aachen, it was 85% destroyed by bombing.
on July 14,1943 with 294 dead, on April 11,1944 with 1.525 dead, on May 25,
1944 with 198 dead and on May 28,1944 with 167 dead. On October 21,1944,
65% of all dwellings were demolished after six long weeks of American bombing,
and hundreds more civilians died. 64 smaller bomb attacks also took place on
Aachen, and its citizens took to the shelters 1,984 times during these years. By the
time Americans occupied ancient Aachen, it was 85% destroyed by bombing.
| Aachen |
During World War Two, Aachen was at grave risk. People were unprepared when 75 bombs hit the cloister in the first
large-scale attack by English bombers on January 15, 1941 which dumped 176 high explosives bombs and 3,000
incendiary bombs. The city could not be evacuated because the air raid system broke down, and 145 people were killed
or injured. Because the fire-brigade was overtaxed, 18 boys and girls created a group to guard the cathedral around the
clock from then on. Light was forbidden during air raids, and in the dark of the cathedral the children climbed the tower
stairs, hanging on to swaying railings and listening to the thunderous explosions echoing greatly because of the cathedral's
acoustics. As the attacks became heavier, the young guardians of the cathedral helped perform the dangerous jobs of
cleaning up debris and clearing duds. In the end, the cathedral survived, despite five fires and a direct hit by a heavy bomb.
large-scale attack by English bombers on January 15, 1941 which dumped 176 high explosives bombs and 3,000
incendiary bombs. The city could not be evacuated because the air raid system broke down, and 145 people were killed
or injured. Because the fire-brigade was overtaxed, 18 boys and girls created a group to guard the cathedral around the
clock from then on. Light was forbidden during air raids, and in the dark of the cathedral the children climbed the tower
stairs, hanging on to swaying railings and listening to the thunderous explosions echoing greatly because of the cathedral's
acoustics. As the attacks became heavier, the young guardians of the cathedral helped perform the dangerous jobs of
cleaning up debris and clearing duds. In the end, the cathedral survived, despite five fires and a direct hit by a heavy bomb.
The remains of Charlemagne were hidden in the woods beforehand by Germans hoping to protect them. The occupying
Americans later ordered a G.I.to go and bring his remains back, and the soldier supposedly asked upon his return with
the sack of bones, "So, where do I dump this?”
Americans later ordered a G.I.to go and bring his remains back, and the soldier supposedly asked upon his return with
the sack of bones, "So, where do I dump this?”
Another ancient city was Aschaffenburg, called Ascapha by the Romans,
who had a settlement and station there called the Castrum. Upon the these
ruins, the Franks built a castle and nearby St. Boniface erected a chapel
and founded a monastery nearby. A stone bridge over the Main was built
by Archbishop Willigis in 989, and Adalbert made the town prosper.
who had a settlement and station there called the Castrum. Upon the these
ruins, the Franks built a castle and nearby St. Boniface erected a chapel
and founded a monastery nearby. A stone bridge over the Main was built
by Archbishop Willigis in 989, and Adalbert made the town prosper.
| Aschaffenburg |
Johannisburg Schloss, 1605–1614, one of the most important castles of the Renaissance, was
so badly injured that it has taken over 60 years to rebuild. It was hit by 5 high explosive bombs
and a 4,000 pound 'blockbuster' burst near by; burning out the roof and upper stories. In the
end, the town was nearly completely destroyed and its landmarks all lost. Aschaffenburg lost
hundreds of people in numerous attacks of the war and 2,000 people were left homeless from
a raid on November 21, 1944.
so badly injured that it has taken over 60 years to rebuild. It was hit by 5 high explosive bombs
and a 4,000 pound 'blockbuster' burst near by; burning out the roof and upper stories. In the
end, the town was nearly completely destroyed and its landmarks all lost. Aschaffenburg lost
hundreds of people in numerous attacks of the war and 2,000 people were left homeless from
a raid on November 21, 1944.
In an purported attempt to destroy rail lines, 50 bombs were initially dumped on Aschaffenburg which caused damage but
did not cut the main through-lines. However, many other bombs fell in the center and north of the town, and about 500
houses were destroyed and 1,500 badly damaged. Many old buildings were hit, including the local castle.
did not cut the main through-lines. However, many other bombs fell in the center and north of the town, and about 500
houses were destroyed and 1,500 badly damaged. Many old buildings were hit, including the local castle.
| Augsburg |
2,000 year old Augsburg was named after its founder, Caesar
Augustus. The ancient Roman Empire had left its traces from
15 B.C. in many parts of Augsburg before it was driven out by
German tribes in 3 A.D. In the Middle Ages, Augsburg stood at
the center of crucial trade and travel routes and it prospered. It
was also important to the religious history of Germany.
Augustus. The ancient Roman Empire had left its traces from
15 B.C. in many parts of Augsburg before it was driven out by
German tribes in 3 A.D. In the Middle Ages, Augsburg stood at
the center of crucial trade and travel routes and it prospered. It
was also important to the religious history of Germany.
The first World War Two air raid on Augsburg took place on April 17,1942 at a
great loss to the British. Of the twelve Lancasters that took part in the raid, only five
returned. 37 men died with 12 more taken as prisoners. It was mostly a military raid
on industries on the outskirts. Several more attacks took place on Augsburg proper
before a devastating bomb attack as part of "Operation Clarion" on the night of
February 25,1944 which nearly completely destroyed the historic Augsburg city
center. The series of attacks began first with an assault by 199 USAAF bombers
followed by a crude, devastating British attack using 594 aircraft. They later stated
that it was "marvelously accurate."
great loss to the British. Of the twelve Lancasters that took part in the raid, only five
returned. 37 men died with 12 more taken as prisoners. It was mostly a military raid
on industries on the outskirts. Several more attacks took place on Augsburg proper
before a devastating bomb attack as part of "Operation Clarion" on the night of
February 25,1944 which nearly completely destroyed the historic Augsburg city
center. The series of attacks began first with an assault by 199 USAAF bombers
followed by a crude, devastating British attack using 594 aircraft. They later stated
that it was "marvelously accurate."
Within 80 minutes of the two bomb attacks, 309,450 deadly incendiary bombs
were dropped into the heart of Augsburg starting more than 4,600 fires. It was 20
degrees below zero, and the water in the fire hoses was all frozen. 2,000 civilians
were killed and injured, and nearly half of the population left the city afterwards.
90,000 of them had become homeless. The "military" damage was inconsequential.
Augsburg was above all a church city and many were centuries old, Moritzkirche,
built in 1019, being the oldest. 27 other Augsburg churches spanned the years
between 1051 and 1799. Most went up in smoke.
were dropped into the heart of Augsburg starting more than 4,600 fires. It was 20
degrees below zero, and the water in the fire hoses was all frozen. 2,000 civilians
were killed and injured, and nearly half of the population left the city afterwards.
90,000 of them had become homeless. The "military" damage was inconsequential.
Augsburg was above all a church city and many were centuries old, Moritzkirche,
built in 1019, being the oldest. 27 other Augsburg churches spanned the years
between 1051 and 1799. Most went up in smoke.
The Augsburg Rathaus was completely destroyed. It only took about 80 minutes for the Allies to unnecessarily destroy
2,000 years of history in one of Europe's oldest, most historic and most benign cities. Hans Holbein
2,000 years of history in one of Europe's oldest, most historic and most benign cities. Hans Holbein
| Bingen |
The Romans were the first to discover Bingen's strategic value of the confluence area of the Rhine
and the Nahe, and Drusus had the Castellum Bingen built as part of the Rhine border fortification in
11 B.C. The fortress remained solid until seized in 355 A.D. by the Alemannies who then reigned a
short time until the Frankonians declared Bingen as theirs. Otto 11 gave the "Bingen Country" to
Willigis in 983, and Mainz Cathedral received Bingen in the middle of the I5th century, with which it
would remain united for centuries. Hildegard of Bingen
and the Nahe, and Drusus had the Castellum Bingen built as part of the Rhine border fortification in
11 B.C. The fortress remained solid until seized in 355 A.D. by the Alemannies who then reigned a
short time until the Frankonians declared Bingen as theirs. Otto 11 gave the "Bingen Country" to
Willigis in 983, and Mainz Cathedral received Bingen in the middle of the I5th century, with which it
would remain united for centuries. Hildegard of Bingen
A French municipal government was set up in Kreuznach after 1795, and after the
defeat of Napoleon the town of Kreuznach came under Prussian control. After defeat
in the First World War, the French again occupied Bad Kreuznach until 1930. Bad
Kreuznach was badly damaged by a number of air raids during the final months of
World War II. On Christmas day, 1944, 140 civilians died when 800 high explosive
Allied bombs and mines, plus 20,000 fire bombs, were dropped on the town center.
defeat of Napoleon the town of Kreuznach came under Prussian control. After defeat
in the First World War, the French again occupied Bad Kreuznach until 1930. Bad
Kreuznach was badly damaged by a number of air raids during the final months of
World War II. On Christmas day, 1944, 140 civilians died when 800 high explosive
Allied bombs and mines, plus 20,000 fire bombs, were dropped on the town center.
Altogether 4300 homes were destroyed and the population was halved. All bridges
were blown up. 1,800 of the 3,500 dwellings and more than half of the trade and
industrial plants had been destroyed by the bomb attacks of 1941 and then the round
the clock bombing raids at the end of the war.
were blown up. 1,800 of the 3,500 dwellings and more than half of the trade and
industrial plants had been destroyed by the bomb attacks of 1941 and then the round
the clock bombing raids at the end of the war.
Bingen's old castle was all but destroyed during World War Two, but has been rebuilt. Allied bombing in 1944 took out
the ceiling and collapsed part of the high altar of Bingen's Basilica. Bingen was destroyed eight times in history, and torn
back and forth between possessors and occupying forces. Today, it is just another Rhineland town, most of it flattened by
Allied bombing, with barely a pre-war building left standing from the RAF raids which left 80% of the outer city and 60%
of the medieval inner city in ruins in 1944. On one such bombing raid, 100 citizens had taken shelter in an old wine cellar
when high explosive bombs caved it in and crushed them all to death.
the ceiling and collapsed part of the high altar of Bingen's Basilica. Bingen was destroyed eight times in history, and torn
back and forth between possessors and occupying forces. Today, it is just another Rhineland town, most of it flattened by
Allied bombing, with barely a pre-war building left standing from the RAF raids which left 80% of the outer city and 60%
of the medieval inner city in ruins in 1944. On one such bombing raid, 100 citizens had taken shelter in an old wine cellar
when high explosive bombs caved it in and crushed them all to death.
After Americans initially took the town, they operated notorious prison camps nearby
for German POWs where thousands of them perished of cold and starvation. The
Americans were replaced by French occupation troops in June and July. It no longer
contained much of historical value by that point.
for German POWs where thousands of them perished of cold and starvation. The
Americans were replaced by French occupation troops in June and July. It no longer
contained much of historical value by that point.
First called Baierrute, Bayreuth began life as a settlement
above the Roter Main River and developed into a town in the
15th century. In 1603, Margrave Christian of Brandenburg-
Kulmbach decided to move his residence to Bayreuth, and
many famous substantial buildings were added to the town
after the 30 Years War. When Christian died in 1655, his
grandson Christian Ernst, who ruled from 1661-1712, had the
fountain of the Margraves and an equestrian monument built.
above the Roter Main River and developed into a town in the
15th century. In 1603, Margrave Christian of Brandenburg-
Kulmbach decided to move his residence to Bayreuth, and
many famous substantial buildings were added to the town
after the 30 Years War. When Christian died in 1655, his
grandson Christian Ernst, who ruled from 1661-1712, had the
fountain of the Margraves and an equestrian monument built.
| Bayreuth |
Bayreuth's golden ages came during the reign of Friedrich the Great's sister Wilhelmine, 1709-1758,
and later, when Richard Wagner made Bayreuth his home and drew visitors from around the globe.
and later, when Richard Wagner made Bayreuth his home and drew visitors from around the globe.
Although Bayreuth had no military significance and
posed no threat, because Bayreuth had been touted
as an "Ideal German Town" and was a cultural
landmark near and dear to German hearts, it was
vindictively targeted for cultural bombing by the Allies
at the very tail end of World War Two. On April 5,
1945 almost half of the historic and lovely old city was
successfully obliterated and about 1,000 people lay
dead. Wagner's Wahnfried Villa was partially
destroyed by the impact of a firebomb. A large
reception room and the stage above entirely exploded
into flames. Fortunately, the library of Richard
Wagner was removed two weeks beforehand, or it
would have also been the victim of the flames as so
many cultural treasures were. Only the front of the
house is original, the side has been rebuilt.
posed no threat, because Bayreuth had been touted
as an "Ideal German Town" and was a cultural
landmark near and dear to German hearts, it was
vindictively targeted for cultural bombing by the Allies
at the very tail end of World War Two. On April 5,
1945 almost half of the historic and lovely old city was
successfully obliterated and about 1,000 people lay
dead. Wagner's Wahnfried Villa was partially
destroyed by the impact of a firebomb. A large
reception room and the stage above entirely exploded
into flames. Fortunately, the library of Richard
Wagner was removed two weeks beforehand, or it
would have also been the victim of the flames as so
many cultural treasures were. Only the front of the
house is original, the side has been rebuilt.
Wahnfried
Rathaus
| Berlin |
The capital was moved from the town of Brandenburg to Potsdam and the electors became Kings of
Prussia. The Margraviate of Brandenburg became the Province of Brandenburg in 1815. In 1881,
Berlin was separated from the Province of Brandenburg. For most of recorded history, the founder
of Berlin was considered to be Margrave Albert the Bear. The first authentic document concerning
the city is from the year 1237 at the time of his great grandsons. From the year 1442 until World
War One defeat, Berlin became the residence of the Hohenzollerns. By the early 20th century, Berlin
was considered one of the most beautiful and advanced cities in the world.
Prussia. The Margraviate of Brandenburg became the Province of Brandenburg in 1815. In 1881,
Berlin was separated from the Province of Brandenburg. For most of recorded history, the founder
of Berlin was considered to be Margrave Albert the Bear. The first authentic document concerning
the city is from the year 1237 at the time of his great grandsons. From the year 1442 until World
War One defeat, Berlin became the residence of the Hohenzollerns. By the early 20th century, Berlin
was considered one of the most beautiful and advanced cities in the world.
Brandenburg, an independent state situated entirely in the territory of ancient Germania, was
bordered by Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the north, Poland in the east, and the areas of
Saxony in the south, west and northwest. Today, in its smaller state, it is bordered on the east by
the Oder river, and on the west by a portion of the Elbe, and it contains parts of the Spree and Havel
rivers. Brandenburg was one of seven Electorships of the Holy Roman Empire from the late
medieval period, and since 1618, both Brandenburg and Prussia, then Brandenburg-Prussia, were
ruled by the Hohenzollern dukes who were later kings of Prussia. Frankish Nurnberg, Ansbach and
the southern German Hohenzollern as well as the eastern European connections to Berlin and the
prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of modern Germany.
bordered by Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the north, Poland in the east, and the areas of
Saxony in the south, west and northwest. Today, in its smaller state, it is bordered on the east by
the Oder river, and on the west by a portion of the Elbe, and it contains parts of the Spree and Havel
rivers. Brandenburg was one of seven Electorships of the Holy Roman Empire from the late
medieval period, and since 1618, both Brandenburg and Prussia, then Brandenburg-Prussia, were
ruled by the Hohenzollern dukes who were later kings of Prussia. Frankish Nurnberg, Ansbach and
the southern German Hohenzollern as well as the eastern European connections to Berlin and the
prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of modern Germany.
| Aachen, Aschaffenburg, Augsburg, Bamberg, Barmen, Bautzen, Bayreuth, Berchtegaden, Berlin, Bielefeld, Bingen and Bitburg |
In 1000AD, the first settlement was recorded in Bielefeld, and the town was founded in 1214 by
Count Hermann IV von Ravensberg to guard a pass over the Teutoburg Forest. Sparrenburg, a great
castle, was built in the middle of the medieval town and it remained impregnable through the Middle
Ages. The castle was restored in 1879. St.Marien seminary was established in 1346 after the end of
the House of Ravensberg, and this led to the development of a new town. Bielefeld grew, and joined
the Hanseatic League in 1452. Bielefeld with the county of Ravensberg, fell to the House of Kleve in
1520. By 1554, the Reformation reached Bielefeld.
Count Hermann IV von Ravensberg to guard a pass over the Teutoburg Forest. Sparrenburg, a great
castle, was built in the middle of the medieval town and it remained impregnable through the Middle
Ages. The castle was restored in 1879. St.Marien seminary was established in 1346 after the end of
the House of Ravensberg, and this led to the development of a new town. Bielefeld grew, and joined
the Hanseatic League in 1452. Bielefeld with the county of Ravensberg, fell to the House of Kleve in
1520. By 1554, the Reformation reached Bielefeld.
In 1648, at the end of the 30 Years War, Bielefeld and the county of
Ravensberg became part of Brandenburg. In 1652, the linen industry
was first established by the Great Elector. In 1775, a barracks for the
Bielefeld garrison was constructed under Friedrich the Great. After
1847, a new railway connected Bielefeld to the German European rail
network, and there was a mechanized spinning mill.
Ravensberg became part of Brandenburg. In 1652, the linen industry
was first established by the Great Elector. In 1775, a barracks for the
Bielefeld garrison was constructed under Friedrich the Great. After
1847, a new railway connected Bielefeld to the German European rail
network, and there was a mechanized spinning mill.
| Bielefeld |
600 civilians were killed and another 1,300 injured. 10,000 were left shelterless. More than
1,350 people in Bielefeld died from bombing by the end of the war, not accurately counting
the numerous refugees from the east who had taken shelter in the city. 15,600 dwellings were
damaged or destroyed, and then it experienced a flood of even more displaced refugees,
raising the population from approximately 127,000 before the war to 155,000 in 1950. There
was nothing much ancient or historical left in destroyed Bielefeld, and it was decided that the
town would be rebuilt in the style modern at the time. Click on photo, left
1,350 people in Bielefeld died from bombing by the end of the war, not accurately counting
the numerous refugees from the east who had taken shelter in the city. 15,600 dwellings were
damaged or destroyed, and then it experienced a flood of even more displaced refugees,
raising the population from approximately 127,000 before the war to 155,000 in 1950. There
was nothing much ancient or historical left in destroyed Bielefeld, and it was decided that the
town would be rebuilt in the style modern at the time. Click on photo, left
On March 14, 1945, the largest bomb (10,000 kg) which ever fell on a German city was dropped on the local Bielefeld
railway viaduct, an important traffic facility which the Allies had unsuccessfully tried blowing up many times. England had
to specially convert a Lancaster bomber for this giant bomb.
railway viaduct, an important traffic facility which the Allies had unsuccessfully tried blowing up many times. England had
to specially convert a Lancaster bomber for this giant bomb.
The first bombs fell in June of 1940 on Bielefeld. In 1944, the heaviest air strike was launched on the city center on
September 30 by 300 American bombers flying in 4 separate waves intentionally setting the city on fire with incendiaries
and then issuing a final attack with time fuses in the British mode.
September 30 by 300 American bombers flying in 4 separate waves intentionally setting the city on fire with incendiaries
and then issuing a final attack with time fuses in the British mode.
By 1292, a synod was held, and an imperial diet in 1474. This town suffered greatly during the
Thirty Years War. Aschaffenburg formed part of the electorate of the Archbishop of Mainz, and in
1806, it was annexed to the duchy of Frankfurt, then transferred to Bavaria in 1814.
Thirty Years War. Aschaffenburg formed part of the electorate of the Archbishop of Mainz, and in
1806, it was annexed to the duchy of Frankfurt, then transferred to Bavaria in 1814.
During the Reformation, Brandenburg embraced
Lutheranism in 1539, and then expanded its lands
to include the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 and the
Duchy of Cleves in 1614 and elsewhere. It was too
widespread to defend itself properly during the Thirty
Years' War, but after the devastation, its brilliant
leaders, the first being the Great Elector Friedrich
Wilhelm I, managed to take backwater Brandenburg
to a pinnacle of power and prosperity in Europe.
Lutheranism in 1539, and then expanded its lands
to include the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 and the
Duchy of Cleves in 1614 and elsewhere. It was too
widespread to defend itself properly during the Thirty
Years' War, but after the devastation, its brilliant
leaders, the first being the Great Elector Friedrich
Wilhelm I, managed to take backwater Brandenburg
to a pinnacle of power and prosperity in Europe.
| Bamberg |
Although Bamberg was fortunate and escaped some of the devastation, there were incidents in the closing months of the
war. Bombing ruined three of Bamberg’s numerous breweries and killed a number of people taking shelter in the
Polarbären-Keller beer garden in 1945. Most of the major monuments and historical landmarks escaped damage but
over 300 buildings were totally destroyed. On February 22, 1945, American pilots returning from a failed mission
elsewhere randomly dumped their deadly load on Bamberg. Three 50 kg bombs killed 17 people and hit the old
Redeemer Church, leaving only the tower undamaged.
war. Bombing ruined three of Bamberg’s numerous breweries and killed a number of people taking shelter in the
Polarbären-Keller beer garden in 1945. Most of the major monuments and historical landmarks escaped damage but
over 300 buildings were totally destroyed. On February 22, 1945, American pilots returning from a failed mission
elsewhere randomly dumped their deadly load on Bamberg. Three 50 kg bombs killed 17 people and hit the old
Redeemer Church, leaving only the tower undamaged.
| Bautzen |
Bautzen in eastern Saxony is located on the Spree River. In 1018, the Peace of Bautzen was signed here between King
Heinrich II and the Polish prince Boleslaus I. In 1033, the city passed to the Holy Roman Empire, in 1319 to Bohemia
and in 1635 to Saxony. Later, it was the site of the Napoleonic War Battle of Bautzen in 1813. Bautzen is often regarded
as the unofficial, but historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural center of the minority of
Sorbs. It suffered from minor bombing and major street fighting during the War. Approximately 10% of the residential
buildings and 34% of the town’s living space were destroyed. Eighteen bridges, 33 public buildings, 46 small firms and 23
larger firms were completely destroyed. Bautzen was later infamous throughout the GDR for its penitentiaries.
Heinrich II and the Polish prince Boleslaus I. In 1033, the city passed to the Holy Roman Empire, in 1319 to Bohemia
and in 1635 to Saxony. Later, it was the site of the Napoleonic War Battle of Bautzen in 1813. Bautzen is often regarded
as the unofficial, but historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural center of the minority of
Sorbs. It suffered from minor bombing and major street fighting during the War. Approximately 10% of the residential
buildings and 34% of the town’s living space were destroyed. Eighteen bridges, 33 public buildings, 46 small firms and 23
larger firms were completely destroyed. Bautzen was later infamous throughout the GDR for its penitentiaries.
Beautiful Berchtesgaden's history dates back to the 11th century. An area rich in salt, it was ruled by a number of different
regimes over its long history. It is only a few miles away from the spectacular glacial Königsee with its steep mountains on
each side. Its ideological importance made the pristine region a target for allied bombing. On April 25, 1945, 255 RAF
Lancaster bombers bombed the Obersalzberg. Later, another RAF raid included 359 Lancasters and 16 Mosquitos.
regimes over its long history. It is only a few miles away from the spectacular glacial Königsee with its steep mountains on
each side. Its ideological importance made the pristine region a target for allied bombing. On April 25, 1945, 255 RAF
Lancaster bombers bombed the Obersalzberg. Later, another RAF raid included 359 Lancasters and 16 Mosquitos.
| Berchtegaden |
| Barmen (see under Wuppertal ) |
| Bitburg |
| (see under Trier) |